International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay

International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay I am a Marketing Executive, working in a mid-size firm, based in London. The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of globalisation on marketing strategies of Companies and then, convince my Manager to take necessary steps, in order to respond to Globalisation; thereby expanding market and increasing profit. To accomplish the stated objective, we need to go in-depth and analyse/understand issues from beginning, starting from What is Globalisation? WHAT IS GLOBALISATION? It is not too long, when people from one part of the world did not know the existence of others. Peoples desire to share knowledge and explore the whole world led to some major exploration likes Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, who made the connection between Europe and America. Before this period, people had no scope to know about knowledge or innovations of others. It was the 16th century A.D. that brought Patagonian Indians to America. During the 17th century Europeans discovered Australia and by that time the whole world was recognized and was ready for contact and trade activity. This can be considered to be the earliest recorded history of the beginning of a new era called globalization (Daniels et al., 2002). Although the idea of globalization and its relation to the business world is not too old and it is only in the last two decades that the current trend of globalization has brought a dramatic change to the business world (Thoumrungroje Tansuhaj, 2004). However, Globalization has been defined by Jane Fraser and Jeremy Oppenheim (1997), in the simplest terms, as a process by which the worlds economy is transformed from a set of national and regional markets into a set of markets that operate without regard to national boundaries. WHAT DRIVES IT? In mid 1980s, after facing some fast changes in cold war, East world-West world relation became almost friendly. In addition, after the fall of Soviet Union, lot of emerging markets appeared in the context of world market, with an aspiration to enhance their living standard. In 1990s, West Germany and East Germany re-merged and appeared as a potential industrialist country in world market. Many Eastern Europe countries and transition economies countries joined in European Union. China and India started exporting goods and services to large regions of the globe, particularly to the United States. The powerful economic growth of countries, resulted in enlarged local demands, leading to divergence between provinces, discriminations in income, anxieties about employment, and increases in energy prices (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). The USA market took the leadership role in this current trend of globalization. Factors like decentralization, privatization, deregulation as well as the growth of cyberspace made the globalization process faster. Through decentralization, new trading markets and trading blocs have emerged around the world. The companies are able to produce, buy or sell goods anywhere in the world and meet the local and regional needs. On the other hand, deregulation removed the trade barriers and helped to form NAFTA, LAFTA and World Trade Organization. Also, non government organization became involved in globalization through the process of privatization. Countries like India and China became more involved in global trade due cyberspace and technological improvement (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). Many authors and scholars have talked about many characteristics of globalization around the world. But factors like fast technological progress, the deteriorating role of the nation state, transfer of industrial production from western countries to newly industrialising countries for cheap labour and material are key drivers of globalization (Brown, 1999). THE EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION The effects of globalization are spreading widely day by day. All the major industries and businesses of both developed and developing countries, along with individuals, are affected by globalization (Garrette, 2000). The current business environment is more aggressive and competitive and can be characterised as hypercompetitive environment (DAveni, 1994). As markets are becoming more global day by day, the trade involves more countries and economies around the world. World merchandise trade was $157 billion in 1963 and it has become $10,159 in 2005 which is a significant increase of $10 trillion. Also, service trade which used to be $365 billion in 1980 has increased to $2,415 billion (Held Mcgrew, 2007). The effect of globalization brought dramatic changes in the business environment and companies are restructuring their business due to this reason (Jones, 2002). One of the most strategical change and significant business development in the recent years, is the formation of co-marketing alliances (Hwang and Burgers, 1997). Globalization does not always bring good outcome to all people. It has badly affected the job sector of the developed countries, where jobs of manufacturing sector has decreased. Other issues for developed countries include the debt obligations to international bank. The amount has increased to $1 trillion which has an adverse impact on their economy. The privatisation sector, deregulation and currency adjustment has been affected due to this reason (Roukis, 2006). On the other hand, Held Mcgrew (2007) suggests that economic globalization could encourage economic development as well as it could be the only successful path to global poverty reduction. During 1970, there were more than 1400 million people who used to earn less than $2 a day and during 1998, this figure came down to less than 1000 million. WHAT IS MARKETING STRATEGY? According to Varadarajan Clark (1994), Marketing strategy is concerned with the creation of a marketing mix that enables the business to achieve its objectives in a target market. Aaker (2009 cited by Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) notes that marketing strategy can involve a variety of functional area strategies including positioning, pricing, distribution, and global strategies. The overriding principle driving a firms marketing strategy is that, marketing strategy depends on the companys vision for its future. This vision generally reflects where the firm expects to position itself in five to ten years-in effect, how the market perceives the firm. The development of a marketing strategy needs a basic assessment of both the firm and the market. The strategy, chosen, has to be the best at increasing the firms assets, with respect to the target market (Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) Also, the key task of international marketing management is to establish a companys overall international strategy which also decides the degree of international integration of the company (Ghauri Cateora, 2006). INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL MARKETING Global marketing or globalization of markets is a key issue for multinational business firms. Many companies who markets global products around the world such as Nestle, Sony, and many others has to carefully look for opportunities in the international markets. Globalization of markets is a challenging issue for governments and political party or trade unions while business related people or organizations encourage the initiative of open trade which connects different markets by going beyond the national boundary. The technological advancement of the 21st century has been a key factor behind global marketing. Consumers around the world wants new and innovative product even if they are being made in the other part of the world because technology makes them aware about the existence of that new product. Business firms accept this commercial reality and as result enjoy greater economies of scale in production or marketing or distribution. As a result, the globalization of business helps them to offer products at a cheaper rate and thus gain a competitive advantage among its competitors (Buzzel et al.,1995). Although global marketing strategy and globalization of markets are two interrelated areas but there is a little difference between them. Global marketing strategy is needed in order to improve the efficiency of operations while globalization of markets is occurring due to the homogeneity of demand across cultures (Ghauri Cateora, 2006). Due to the raise in globalization of markets day by day companies find they are inevitably surrounded by foreign consumers as well as their competitors and suppliers. On the other hand, different countries have to admit the limitation of their own assets and the advantage of trade activities outside their own boundaries. Thus engaging in international business for both firms and countries are very much essential. According to Ghauri and Cateora (2006), the following factors play an important role in shaping of international business. Each country or economy is dependent to other economies. The formulation of free trade areas such as ASEAN, EU, APEC and NAFTA and the expansion of business activities in those areas. Countries having greater purchasing power due to their improving economy The arrival of new and potential markets with a large number of customers such as countries like India, China, Russia, Brazil, Malaysia etc. Technological advancement has been the key factor behind the improvement of transportation and communication. In order to engage in international business, companies need to have proper international marketing strategies. As international markets bring new opportunities and threats, appropriate strategies could help them to overcome possible difficulties in the international markets. Also, international companies need to respond to customer needs and wants by adapting existing product or by bringing new product to the market (Bradley, 2002). EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON COMPANIES MARKETING STRATEGIES According to Czinkota Samli (2007), Globalization enables international marketing to take place all around us, and to continuously offer new opportunities and challenges. Successful economies are always driven by customer needs and wants. The bureaucratic plans do not play an important role there. On the other hand, a firm must have a strategic response to the challenges of global market. Companies which are expanding their business in domestic market need to choose an appropriate strategy suitable to their situation. Since a global company is involved in many countries economy, it brings the idea of standardizing the marketing activities. The recent trend in globalization encourages the companies as well as countries to engage more in world trade activities. World exports were three times higher in 1998 than 1950; according to a WTO estimate, in 2001 this ratio was 29 per cent and in 2005 it was 27 per cent comparing to 12.5 per cent in 1970 and 17 per cent in 1990. In spite of 11 September attack in the USA the world economy is still achieving a rapid growth (Held Mcgrew, 2007). Also, Czinkota and Samli (2007) suggest that the base of globalization has two dimensions. The first one deal with deregulation, decentralization, the development of electronic data transfer and the other is characterised by capital flow, information and technological development. These features accelerate globalization, which enable companies to engage in international trade activity. Thus globalization provides a powerful foundation for international marketing to make progress. CO-MARKETING ALLIANCES According to Hewang and Burgers (1997, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), one of the recent trends to overcome the globalization effects has been the formation of marketing alliances. As companies around the world are restructuring their business to meet the global threats co-marketing alliances can bring greater success in the international marketing performances. In simple words, Anderson and Narus (1990, cited by Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) defines Co-marketing alliances as a form of working partnership with mutual recognition and understanding that the success of each firm depends in part on the other firm. Its a contractual relationship between the two firms, whose respective products acts as complimentary products, in the market. The purpose of such relationship is to intensify and/or build awareness, about benefits of such complementarities. The co-ordination between firms can be extended into product development, product and even research development. Also, according to Hoskisson et al. (2004, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), co-marketing alliances are a particular type of strategic alliance which is a business level competitive strategy. The primary focus of such alliance is to create a competitive advantage in the international market. It is also called horizontal complementary strategic alliance. The main objective of such alliance formation is to maximize the companies profit by utilizing their resources and capabilities. Co-marketing alliances also helps firms to gain better market position through increasing sales and market share. The following figure explains the relationship between co-marketing alliance, globalization effects and international marketing performance. Global Competitive environment Global Market Uncertainty Cooperation in Co-Marketing Alliance International Marketing Performance Global Market Opportunities Conceptual relationship of globalization effects, cooperation and performance. Source Adapted from (Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj ,2004). However, Co-marketing alliance does have significant management challenges, in spite of its potential contribution. There are chances of disagreement between partners, as they often tend to compete with each other in terms of product lines and occasionally, even those covered by co-marketing agreement. In fact, there is a high possibility of opportunism as one of the partners may use the other to gain market position only; or may be to build technological skills from the knowledge of the others intellectual property. (Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) STANDARDISATION VERSUS ADAPTATION Its been a long time, since the two opposing international marketing strategies have been debated upon standardisation versus adaptation of products. Standardization means selling essentially the same product in all markets. The advantage of standardisation is low costs, as designing, manufacturing and distributing same product across countries involves less of investment. However, selling identical products across borders may be undesirable due to differences in the legal environments, distribution channels, climates, topography, levels of market and technological development, and competitive and cultural factors. As customers of different countries have different requirements, a standardised product might not be able to satisfy all customers. (Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004) On the other hand, product adaptation refers to the degree to which the physical characteristics or attributes of a product and its packaging differs across national markets (Cavusgil et al., 1993 cited by Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004). Though customising products for different markets increases cost, the adapted products are more likely to fit the needs of the varied range of customers of different countries and become more acceptable; but would command higher margins, generating greater revenues. For example, Procter Gambles (PG) Oil of Olay skin moisturizer has different type of product in different countries, based on research of the need of customers in those countries; instead of just changing the language on the bottle of the same product. Doole and Lowe (1999) suggests within the elements of marketing management products or service image or marketing objective and strategies can be standardised easily than pricing or distribution. Pricing Differentiation Distribution Sales force Sales promotion Product Image Objective strategy Standardisation In one of the important studies on this topic, Cavusgil et al. (1993) concluded that it is difficult to make blanket statements about suitable standardization/adaptation strategy without an examination of (these factors). The preferable option for firms is to take such a strategy which is a mixture of standardisation as well as adaptation of the different elements of marketing management programmes. Most companies around the world globalise some elements of the marketing mix while localising others and they use a combination of multi-domestic, global or regional, and transitional strategies. Many international firms find it difficult to optimally balance standardizing and adapting their marketing, specifically the marketing strategies, across national borders, in order to be successful. Also, in the process of internationalisation, firms need to find the correct approach towards globalisation, regionalisation and localisation of business activities, in general, along with finding a way to transfer the approach to their marketing strategies level (Stefan Schmid and Thomas Kotulla, 2011). CONCLUSION This study has found more positive effects of globalization than negative ones. Globalisation has lead to the change of marketing strategies of companies to some extent, but its ultimate objective has been profit maximization rather than anything else. Several effects of the current globalization trends include formation of co-marketing alliances as well as the standardization or adaptation of marketing mix. Therefore, as per the evidences provided above, I would like to request my Manager to either start co-marketing alliance with a company or to bring about changes in the marketing mix with respect to standardisation or adaptation; in order to go beyond boundaries and maximise our profit.

Elasticity on Demand, Breakeven Analysis and Pricing Decisions Essay

When a firm changes prices, the effect on profits is more important than the effect on revenue. There is a simple formula to calculate the critical Price Elasticity of demand which is just sufficient to maintain the contribution to overheads and profits. This will be greater than that required to maintain revenue. A common issue in business and in business studies is whether a firm should change the prices at which products are offered. The calculations begin with estimates of the reaction of customers to the new prices. This reaction is represented as Price Elasticity of Demand (PED), the ratio of the proportionate changes in volume and price. Students are always told – and some students even remember that Elastic Demand (PED >1) means more revenue from a lower price and less from a higher one; and Inelastic Demand (PED But who wants the same revenue with lower profits? Any change in price will have a much bigger impact, proportionately, on the contribution per item for the firm than on the asking price to the customer. It follows that an increase in price may succeed in raising profits, even though revenue falls; and that a lower price may reduce profits even though revenue increases. So the critical question is not whether the PED is greater or less than one, but whether it is sufficiently high (for a lower price) or sufficiently low (for a price increase) to improve profits. The critical level of PED can be found by an application of breakeven analysis. We can take the current level of contribution to overheads and profit; and ask what the volume (units sold) must be to give the same level of contribution at the alternative price. Having found this critical volume, we can then compute what the PED would be to give us this volume at the new price, compared with the existing price and quantity. This then will be the Critical Price Elasticity of Demand (CPED). If we are raising prices, any PED less than CPED will increase profits; if we are lowering price, we want PED to be more than CPED. And while there is no way, short of trying the price change, to know what the PED actually is, a firm may well have sensible ideas about the likelihood of its being significantly greater or less than a specified value. It may seem that calculating the CPED is rather a waste of time, since we should have to calculate the required change in quantity first; and might just as well reckon our chances of getting this volume after our price change, without entering into Elasticity computations at all. However it turns out that there is a very simple formula for calculating the CPED.

New Step by Step Roadmap for Essay Topics about Books

New Step by Step Roadmap for Essay Topics about Books Type of Essay Topics about Books The stigma connected with the disease was strong patients have locked away and weren't treated. Write about the wellness issues American population face today and attempt to persuade the reader free medicine is the ideal way out. The book is a valuable supply of knowledge that is composed of infinite added benefits. Discrimination is often witnessed within the key care facilities, and shortage of adequate knowledge by practitioners affects patient's treatment approach. What You Don't Know About Essay Topics about Books Each paragraph ought to be devoted to a particular topic or aspect of writing, so be certain you do not introduce more than 1 idea into one paragraph. This kind of essay demands a student to define an issue, analyze it, make a particular argument associated with the subject, and support it with valid evidence. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you may counter to your own points. When you have formulated the topic sentence, be certain you provide evidence and suitable support of your ideas. Get the Scoop on Essay Topics about Books Before You're Too Late Textbooks ought to be free. School tests aren't powerful. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Vital Pieces of Essay Topics about Books Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't really hard to discover. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. An analytical essay topic that's engaging and effective is vital. Our service also supplies free essays which is an element of what makes us unmatched. Argumentative essay is a rather interesting sort of an assignment, as you need to gather a great deal of materials to strengthen your standpoint. Sure, you're absolutely free to defend any position inside this paper. You don't need to be worried about weight or space when you're traveling with e-readers, but the paper books provide you physical appeal. You may find that several of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. Books and experiences are the very best manners of learning due to their vast significance and fantastic benefits. What follows is a lot of topics for exploring the effect of comic books on modern readers. You don't need to be concerned about locating a topic. If you face challenges with essay writing even before reading the aforementioned strategies and strategies, don't hesitate and seek assistance from our professional customized writers. Hiring someone to write a college essay is such a very good means to acquire an exceptional result when you speak about a personalized essay. Opt for the side and stick with it as you compose the paper. There are lots of books printed on recycled paper too, but their general percentage is tiny. When you start to work on the topic the next points should be taken under consideration. It's possible to use books in the identical genre or by precisely the same author to compare. Reading books has a lot of advantages. Convince your reader that it's not an excellent book to read. There are way too many books on earth for us to acquire stuck reading a terrible book. All the data in the text needs to be checked before it's going to be shown. Make certain you do not supply any new info or ideas. This list of topics may offer a notion that you could get excited about. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. The Hidden Gem of Essay Topics about Books Much like everything, when writing essays about books, t here's a formula or guidelines you will need to follow. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial issue to do is to select a topic and an argument you can really get behind. Try out another topic and do the exact same 5-minute writing test till you locate a topic you know it is easy to write on. When you're writing a persuasive essay, you should make sure your topic is one which you'll be able to persuade your audience with. Would you like to see additional information about short essay on. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Teens should have to take parenting classes. Life is much better than it was 50 decades ago. Women ought to be fined each time they scream. Kids should have the ability to vote. Books are an endless supply of inspiration and motivation to be a better person. A single book by a single author may create a big difference in the entire world. Persuade a person to read your favourite book. If you become stuck thinking of words, you can locate some ideas here and here. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Moreover, our imagination reproduces mental pictures of what we're reading about, therefore a new word automatically links to a specific image and a specific feeling it relates to. At precisely the same time, it's an amazing persuasive essay idea. Love is a particular feeling. People are now overly determined by technology. Books may have a profound effect on society and the world only because they enable a person to change the world. Getting in a position to summarize a book in not a simple thing especially if you're not reading it attentively.

Implementation Of Implementing Change And Developing...

FOR IMPLEMENTING CHANGE Introduction: Businesses are constantly required to adapt to changing environment in order to maintain their position in the market and even more so if they are to truly grow.† (Biedenbacha and Soumlderholma, 2008). Changes are the crucial things in â€Å"the present market, the present rate of technological progress and growing and developing worldwide rivalry let us predict a proceeding with requirement change in future. (Armenakis and Harris, 2009). The writer says change never begins of the fact that never ends (Weick and Quinn, 1999). The firm`s constantly attempt to adapt change in environment, they grab the culture and learn to run quick and easily the firm regularly try to evolve perfectly and implement, we can find major changes in short and long run success. Research suggests that failed organizational change initiatives range from one third to as high as 80% of attempted change efforts. (Fisher, 1994; Beer and Nohria, 2000; Higgs and Rowland, 2000). Many researchers effort failed the learning space and supervise the manager in the field of change management. Then came John kotter, who focused on the change management field, specifically his first article was published in 1995 in Harvard Business Review. The same year he released the book and titled the book Leading Change(kotter, 1995), both kotter`s (1995) article and (1996) book are based on kotter`s personal research and experiences in the business filed, the book does not have anyShow MoreRelatedThe External Competitive Environment at Lenova1593 Words   |  6 Pagesthe industry is extremely competitive or volatile. Industry evolution brings change in sources and nature of competition (Porter 1979). This essay will analyse the external competitive environment and critically evaluate the strategies employed by Lenovo, a Chinese technological corporation, in dealing with the overall declining trend of the PC (personal computer) market. Case study overview Recent years saw the worldwide PC market growth rate undergoing a drastic plummet (Arthur 2013). The latestRead MoreToday, More Than Ever, The Ceo Of Wal-Mart Has To Undertake1177 Words   |  5 Pageshas to undertake new products, organizational growth, the increase of competition, and a changing workforce due to technological developments. In response, the CEO must place Wal-Mart in a position to be responsive to changes. Part of putting Wal- Mart in the right place for change is dependent on the CEO ability to take advantages of the strategies recommended. For instance, Wal-Mart must exploit innovation and use technology to increase sales, also to build stronger relationships with customersRead MoreThe 21st Century Communication And Technology2012 Words   |  9 Pagesprovide the faster means of growth in most of the business sectors, all across the worlds which provide better quality of goods with help of fast transportation system. Now a days Manufacturing companies has to become very competitive amongst its rivalry competitors for its long term growth and to gain its market value which lead them to deliver its high quality goods to its customers which lead to reduce delivery time so that it can attract large number of customers which results in huge demandRead MoreStrategic Management/Strategy Formulation4760 Words   |  20 PagesWhat aspects of strategy formulation do you think requires the most time? Why? Strategy formulation includes developing a vision and mission, identifying an organizations external opportunities and threats, determining internal strengths and weaknesses, establishing long-term objectives, generating alternative strategies, and choosing particular strategies to pursue. Strategy formulation issues include deciding what new businesses to enter, what businesses to abandon, how to allocate resourcesRead MoreOrganizational Change And Change Management2278 Words   |  10 Pages Change Management in IT Environment Presented by Aravind Reddy Vootukuri Wilmington University 1) Abstract 2)Organizational Change During My Employment with Capgemini in 2007 a)Reasons for Change b)Objectives Set for this Change Program c)Used John kotter s8 step Change model d)Used Change Process 3)ChangeRead MoreStarbucks Coffee s Five Forces Analysis1493 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks is a worldwide coffee retail chain that spends significant time in coffee and other related refreshments. The organization prepares and sells meals, coffee, tea drinks and an assortment of new sustainable products, through stores. The organization likewise licenses its trademark through different channels, for example, authorized stores, basic need and national foodservice accounts. Second Cup s coffee portfolio contains around 19 kinds of coffee. The Company s bistros offer a varietyRead MoreInformation Technology Term Paper6794 Words   |  28 PagesProcess improvement 6 Resource optimization 6 Operating excellence 7 Identify how the following critical success factors will be addressed by case study 7 Business management issues 7 Strategic and competitive issues 7 Planning and implementation concerns 8 Operational items 8 Identify how the variables defined by Strassmanns Model will be measured 8 Efficiency 8 Effectiveness 8 Competitivness 8 Profitability 8 Strategic Information Systems Assessment (Week 2) Create anRead MoreWhirlpool Case Study6891 Words   |  28 Pages3 Inputs into information systems 3 How IT can affect industry attractiveness? 4 The threats of new entrants 4 The bargaining power of customers 5 The bargaining power of supplier 5 The threat of substitute products 5 Competitive rivalry between companies of the same manufacturing industry 6 Value Chain Analysis 6 Product life cycle 8 Boston Box Portfolio Analysis 8 The Star 8 The Wild Cat 9 The Cash Cow 10 The Dog 10 McFarlan’s matrix 10 Strategic 11 TurnaroundRead MoreThe Organizational Study of Levi Strauss3980 Words   |  16 Pagesorganizational structure and design of the world’s largest brand-name apparel marketers, Levi Strauss Company. The concepts of hierarchy, change management, and employee involvement applications will be discussed, along with the organization’s environment and competitive strategies. The premise of this paper is the accomplishment of this organizational mode Levi Strauss for change and the ultimate success of the company’s transformation. Levi Strauss and Company was founded in 1853 and since has becomeRead MoreMacdonald3085 Words   |  13 PagesMarketing Process 9 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 9 Threat of substitute products and services 9 Threat of entry of new competitors 9 Intensity of competitive rivalry 10 Bargaining power of buyers 10 Bargaining power of suppliers 10 Task 2 Marketing strategy options. 11 Double taste shakes: 11 Task 3 Implication of change in the marketing environment 12 Marketing plan: 12 Market oriented: 13 Establish a profitable market position: 14 Forces that determine competition:- 15

How The Cuts Should Be Legal - 1713 Words

Kristie Cass Political Science 10 December , 2014 Make The Cut Reduce Spending in California s prison system . When we as state are spending more to house a single convicted felon for a year than we are spending to educate one student per year it clearly is time to reevaluate the budget . It is time to make cuts that not only will save taxpayers money but ones that if we restructure the spending can actually help to impose a form of punishment for the inmates . Reduction in spending is needed because we are spending far too much to house an inmates that have been convicted of felonies. They have too many privileges. How can they feel punished?The consequences of a felons actions should be uncomfortable. We spend an insane amount of money making sure that convicted felons have luxuries on our dime. Restructuring is needed . Inmates are taken care of way above what is needed to want to follow laws and not return. Reducing costs without reducing sentences is what is needed. To explain the reasons that I want to see change are many . However the biggest reason I want to see change implemented is because convicted felons have luxuries that make incarceration far too comfortable. WeShow MoreRelatedHow Your Firm Can Avoid An Economic Downturn Case Study767 Words   |  4 PagesHow Your Firm Can Avoid an Economic Downturn Most law firms when caught usually cut cuts during times of economic crisis and this causes most clients to reexamine there relationship with the firm. The worst part is that this can put a strain on a long standing relationship with clients. To avoid losing business, law firm need to strive to maintain theory relationship swith clients, especially when it comes to existing clients. The firms can come out on top by investing in intelligent marketing strategiesRead MoreCase Study of Dress Code1341 Words   |  6 Pagesdelivery employee, Christopher Polk, became a Rastafarian and grew dreadlocks to symbolize his new religion. This violated the company’s dress code policy. After several internal discussions with Polk, FedEx gave him two options. He needed to either cut his hair or be assigned to a different job, which had no direct customer contact and paid less. Polk refused both options and was terminated. He sued FedEx under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, on the basis of religious discrimination (BernardinRead MoreDrunk Drivers Should Not Be Banned1279 Words   |  6 Pageskilled over hundreds of citizens due to the mistakes by over intoxicated drivers. States all across the country have lowered the blood alcohol limit to keep drunk drivers off the road from hitting a pedestrian. Some citizens believe that drunk drivers should not be punished more harshly due to be over intoxicated while driving. If there is no harm due to them or the others around them what is the point of having more consequences. However from the past five years the amount have deaths have increasedRead MoreSuggestions For Reducing Corruption Of Public Organizations1284 Words   |  6 Pagesdegree of government corruption, thus it need a sophisticated system to combat corruption. This part will give some suggestions for controlling the degree of corruption to the largest extent. 4.1 Reasonably Undertaking Responsibilities The government should reasonably shoulder own responsibilities. Considering what has been discussed above, the government with more responsibilities would have more incentives to obtain illegal profits when the responsibilities of government are more than the scope thatRead MoreLegal Services And Legal Service1279 Words   |  6 Pagesit generic. Legal services, in this context, comprises of different entities giving legal advice to the public. The commoditisation of legal services describes how there has been a recent rise in the number of legal services and legal fees are starting to become the only difference between them . A commercial approach is applying the law in a business sense. Therefore, I will be discussing the controversy regarding whether the price-based competition in the legal sector will make legal services aRead MoreEssay on Mitigating The Impact of Layoffs1427 Words   |  6 Pages several steps would need to be take to determine the positions that should be cut back .The following the steps outlined below can help a company determine what positions to cut and to make the best layoff decisions for their business: 1. Decide what the company will need going forward/write company’s future goals 2. Determine If the RIF would only affects one area, will a specific department be the only one to face cuts, or will the entire company face restructuring? 3. Determine which departmentsRead MoreLaw Firm Case Study766 Words   |  4 PagesHow Your Law Firm Can Avoid an Economic Downturn Law firms operating in tough economic environment, usually institute a raft of measures to survive; these range from making budget cuts to reexamining their relationship with partners and clients. Since some of these measures can jeopardize business, the firms must always strive to maintain good relationship with clients. The key strategies to grow business during hard economic times include investing in intelligent marketing strategies and makingRead MoreEssay on The History of Punishment1108 Words   |  5 PagesPunishment is a brutal, severe feeling that has been around for centuries. Since the oldest civilizations till Today punishment has impact the world and how people live their life. Throughout generation to generation civilizations, countries have grown in crimes and punishment. Ancient punishments were harsher than Today’s punishments. In Middle ages, Ancient Greece and Rome, Mesopotamia they’d cruel punishments that were more harsher, severe than Todayâ€⠄¢s. In the oldest civilizations people wereRead MoreAlcoholism And The Consumption Of Alcoholic Liquor918 Words   |  4 Pages). It is believed that the drinking age from eighteen to twenty-one will reduce fatalities and limit addiction. Alcoholism is an illness and causes permanent damage to your brain cells. This is the main reason why I believe the legal drinking age in the Bahamas should be twenty-one instead of eighteen. A person’s brain is not fully developed until they reach the age of twenty-five. This three year time difference between eighteen and twenty-one will give a person’s brain more time to develop andRead MoreWhy Euthanasia is Wrong Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesright to take away another persons life, whether it be through hatred and disgust, or compassion and love. Murder is murder. So why should those select few who work in the clinics of Switzerland, whose occupation is to assist in a person’s suicide, become immune from this law against murder. It is them who provide the patient with, and administer, the method of how they are going to die. To me, that sounds lik e murder. What gives someone else the right to take away another human being’s life?

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 20 Free Essays

Arriving at the school, Adam and Cassie were unsure where to look first. The sky was dark as midnight, but there was enough security lighting to give them a decent view of the grounds. From the parking lot they scanned the empty bleachers and vacant football field. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 20 or any similar topic only for you Order Now They checked the perimeter of the building, and the outer wing where the principal’s office was located. â€Å"Do you think they’re inside?† Cassie asked. â€Å"Maybe we should split up.† â€Å"Up there,† Adam said. â€Å"I think that’s them.† There was movement on the roof of the building, barely visible shadows, but clashing voices echoed down to the ground. Cassie pushed away her fear and forced the trembling within her stomach to steady her. If there were sounds of a scuffle, that meant there was still a fight. Adam rushed for the rusty fire escape that ran up the side of the building and Cassie followed just behind him. They quieted their steps as they neared the top. There, they discovered Diana, Melanie, Chris, Doug, and Sean hiding behind the metal railing. Diana noticed them and put her finger over her lips to indicate they should be quiet. Cassie and Adam moved to where they could view the action at the center of the roof. It was a formidable sight. Nick, Faye, Laurel, Deborah, and Suzan were aligned in a tight defensive circle. They appeared trapped and powerless, as if they’d been confined to a cage. And their marks glowed bright on their chests, like iridescent hearts beating over their clothes. The hunter marks must shine in the presence of the relics, Cassie thought. Three hunters surrounded the group, and each of them held a gray stone carved into the dreadful shape of the hunter symbol. It was the principal and two others – one man and one woman. Cassie wondered where Max was. Did Diana have something to do with his absence? But there wasn’t any time for questions. The man was older – Cassie would even call him elderly. He had long white hair and eyes the color of ice. The woman appeared to be around Cassie’s mother’s age. She was rail thin and had mousy brown hair and brown eyes, but there was no mistaking the resemblance between the two. Through her research, Laurel had identified two of the last remaining hunters as Jedediah Felton – an ancestor of one of the most feared hunter families in history – and his daughter, Louvera Felton. Now here they were in the flesh. The Feltons didn’t look as Cassie had expected they would. They seemed so normal. In Cassie’s imagination, the hunters were giant tribal-looking men wearing some sort of traditional garb, like a robe a martial-arts master would wear. But these hunters would have passed for three average adults if not for the ancient relics they wielded like weapons. â€Å"They don’t look so tough,† Adam said. â€Å"Without those stones, they’d have nothing on us.† â€Å"But those stones contain power that goes back over six hundred years,† Diana whispered. â€Å"Isn’t that what Laurel said?† Cassie nodded. â€Å"What are they mumbling?† Adam asked. â€Å"Do you think it’s the killing spell?† The hunters chanted in a low hum, repeating an ominous phrase: I sum eius agens, I occidere in eius nomen – I sum eius agens, I occidere in eius nomen – Just then, all five of their friends on the center of the roof dropped to their knees. They held their skulls as if they were suffering from terrible migraines. â€Å"It has to be the killing curse,† Cassie said. She made a motion to lunge forward and reveal herself, but Diana grabbed her by the arm and pulled her back. â€Å"Wait,† she said. â€Å"If we show ourselves, we’ll be trapped just like the others. The witch-hunter curse we translated must not have worked. Otherwise Faye and the rest of them wouldn’t be in this state.† Laurel and Suzan were writhing on the ground at the hunters’ feet. Faye was on her knees, screaming out in pain. Nick cringed, holding his head like it was bleeding, and Deborah looked like she had passed out from the torture. â€Å"We have to try something,† Cassie said. â€Å"We probably only have a few minutes, maybe even seconds.† â€Å"A blocking spell,† Adam said. â€Å"To turn the energy of their curse back on them. With the seven of us, we might have enough power.† He closed his eyes and reached for Cassie’s hands. â€Å"Repeat after me: Hunters, disperse. We reverse your curse.† The group of them linked arms and did as Adam said, though Cassie didn’t have much faith that such a generic spell could be strong enough to have an effect on those ancient relics. Still, she concentrated all her energy on the chant. â€Å"Hunters, disperse. We reverse your curse.† At first nothing happened, but then the hunters paused. Continuing their low hum, they looked from side to side. The magic had caught their attention, but they continued with the chant. Then Cassie felt a change. A heated power. Not knowing where it came from, a string of new words sprouted from her mouth. â€Å"Venatores dispergam. Nos vertite maledictionem.† The words were rasping, guttural sounds that rose from deep in her throat. She immediately recognized the feeling as dark magic, but she allowed it to come. Her whole being trembled with a painful ecstasy. The hunters were truly startled now. They halted their chanting and searched the shadows for the source of the spell. They waved their relics, but they seemed not to understand what they were feeling. They only knew it wasn’t good. â€Å"Venatores dispergam. Nos vertite maledictionem,† Cassie said again. Mr. Boylan scolded the others for breaking their concentration. â€Å"Focus!† he shouted. â€Å"We’re not finished yet.† But within seconds the old man stopped reciting the curse. His face reddened and he clutched his chest. â€Å"It’s an ancient,† he said. â€Å"I don’t know how, but I’m sure of it.† Jedediah doubled over, and began pounding on his own heart. â€Å"Find him,† he screamed out to the others. But Cassie continued uttering her dark words, louder now that she saw how well they were working. Adam and the others stood silently by, their arms still linked. Louvera made a motion to go to her father’s aid, but then she also grabbed her chest as if she were having a heart attack. She gasped for air, unable to speak. Mr. Boylan was visibly weakening. His spine curved downward, bending his usually rigid posture into a rounded question mark. All the color had drained from his face and his whole body shook with exhaustion. Jedediah climbed to his hands and knees and began crawling to the hatch door in the roof that led down into the school building. Louvera cried out with whatever air she had left, â€Å"Release them!† She choked and crawled in the same direction as the old man, and slid down the gaping hole in the roof to safety. But the principal refused to run away. He continued reciting the curse, holding tight to his relic, as he fell to his knees. Cassie took a few steps forward, directing her words straight for him. He tried to stand back up, but fell down again. One by one, the Circle members who had fallen began slowly rising to their feet. Faye and Laurel, then Nick and Suzan, and finally Deborah were shaking off the pain that had debilitated them only minutes earlier. Cassie could feel herself growing stronger as Mr. Boylan became weaker, as if she were sucking out his power and keeping it for her own use. She watched him shrivel before her eyes, panting like a cowardly animal. He clutched his chest and cried out. But Cassie felt no remorse for him whatsoever. She was only disgusted by his frailty. She was sure he would remain there withering to his death, and she would let him. Then, one last time, he got to his feet. He wobbled and, still unsure where the real opposition was coming from, he honed in on Faye. In a final desperate effort, he cast all his remaining energy at her, shouting the killing curse one last time as loud as he could. Before Faye knew what was coming, Suzan leapt in front of her, knocking her out of the way and onto the ground. His power spent, Boylan finally retreated. Defenseless and shambling, he dragged himself away, across the rooftop, and down the same escape route as his fellow hunters. Cassie continued moving toward him, still uttering the curse. â€Å"Cassie,† Adam called out. â€Å"That’s enough. He’s gone.† But Cassie couldn’t stop – the words continued coursing through her like a piano that played itself. She didn’t want the sensation to end. Adam grabbed her by the shoulders and shook her furiously. â€Å"Snap out of it,† he shouted. â€Å"The hunters are gone.† Somehow Adam’s words reached Cassie through the long tunnel she’d gotten lost in. She snapped to consciousness and looked around hazily. Chris and Doug came into view, then Sean and Melanie, and even through her clouded vision Cassie could see the hunter symbols glowing on their clothes. Each of them had been marked. Then Cassie turned to Diana and saw that she, too, had the symbol glowing on her sleeve. And so did Adam. Cassie pointed to it, shaking. â€Å"I know,† Adam said. â€Å"I saw it.† Then Cassie looked down and saw the front of her shirt gleaming as well. Now they were all on equal footing. The entire Circle had been marked. A strange calm came over Cassie, like the worst had finally happened and now they could move forward – but then Faye shrieked in a haunted pitch that made Cassie’s blood run cold. Faye was kneeling, shaking, over an unmoving Suzan. Everything started to blur as they all rushed to where Suzan was lying. Adam reached her first. He dropped to his knees and checked her neck and wrist for a pulse. Then he listened to see if she was breathing. â€Å"Call an ambulance!† he screamed, but nobody moved. Suzan’s eyes had already glassed over. Her face had hardened to a lifeless mask. â€Å"She’s dead,† Faye said, to herself as much as to Adam. â€Å"She died saving my life.† â€Å"No.† Adam shuddered, refusing to accept the truth. He tried CPR. He tried mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Finally he just pounded on Suzan’s chest. But it was too late. Cassie kneeled down to see for herself what none of them could bear to register. The witch hunter’s death symbol was glowing bright on Suzan’s forehead. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 20, Essay examples

Their Eyes Were Watching God free essay sample

In prose, one would rarely find a piece work in which the author uses language and poetic devices to convey a message. In prose, it is usually the story itself that conveys mood and a message. However, occasionally an author would strategically place language and poetic devices in a work making it a glorious and enticing piece to read. Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel that does such action, mixing both language and poetic devices to convey a mood and message. Their Eyes Were Watching God tells the story of an African-American woman name Janie living in the South during the 1900’s. The story spans over her life time starting from her youth days when she was raised by her grandmother to her quest for true love which leads her to three tragic marriages. Their Eyes Were Watching God, although having a remarkably moving story line uses many poetic elements, particularly, two metaphors: the pear tree and the mule. We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These metaphors, not only constitute a big part of the story but they also show Janie’s journey through marriage, and her resulting character as a self-aware, confident and balanced individual. The first metaphor that appears in Their Eyes Were Watching God is that of a pear tree. It appears early in the novel when the story takes us back to when Janie was 16 and she found herself captivated by a pear tree. She discovered this tree and its wonders, â€Å"From barren brown stems to glistening leaf-buds; from leaf-buds to the snowy virginity of bloom. It stirred her tremendously. The pear tree symbolizes Janie’s coming of age in which she blooms into womanhood and sexual maturity. This is when she first realizes what she really wants more than anything: True love. Janie’s idealism leads her to deny her Nanny’s belief that she must marry someone just for money or just to be better off. She denies her Nanny’s lessons about what the ideal woman should b e. She wants to marry someone that will make her happy and not treat her as a prize or a slave. She is in search for the intense sensuality that the bees share when they pollinate flowers. She wishes â€Å"to be a pear tree – any tree in bloom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so she can have the intimacy between lovers she so much desires and searches for. The pear tree can be seen as a representation of the evolution of Janie’s dream given by her Nanny to her dream of perfect true love. Janie herself â€Å"saw her life like a great tree in leaf with the things suffered, things enjoyed, things done and undone. † It represents her life. It represents who she wants to be. It represents her dreams of finding a man who will be the â€Å"bee to her blossom. It is this pear tree that drives her to search for that perfect, blissful, and harmonious feeling she felt in that moment under the pear tree. When she doesn’t find that with Logan Killicks, she moves on to Joe Starks, but with these two marriages she doesn’t find what she is searching for. It was a missing element in both of these marriages which made her realize she wasn’t happy and satisfies where she was. The pear tree serves primarily as her vision of ideal love; the ideal of finding someone whom she could have a passionate interaction and blissful harmony, the ideal of a perfect union with another person. The second metaphor which appears is the mule metaphor. It greatly contrasts the pear tree in that the mule symbolizes the carrier of burdens. Janie’s Nanny initially introduces the mule when teaching Janie what being a woman is about. Nanny’s idealism is that â€Å"De woman is de mule uh de world so fur as Ah can see. † It first is a relation to her racial background and personality. She is from African-American decent and even more importantly, from slave decent. Therefore, the mule is used to symbolize what Janie was going to be subject to for the rest of her life: an African-American woman subjected to men’s rule. Furthermore, the mule represents Janie’s opposing force. The mule represents what holds her back from achieving her dream. The mule is used again when Janie marries Logan Killicks. Logan went to the market to buy a mule for Janie to plough with. The mule here represents the way that Logan treated Janie. The mule was subjected to harsh work and abuses, which parallels to the way Logan treated Janie. This leads Janie to see that she had been married as a worker and not a wife. After being subjected to much abuse, a man named Joe Starks appears. Joe is very bothered by Janie being treated like a mule, â€Å"You behind a plow! You ain’t got no mo’ business wid a plow than a hog wid uh holiday. † So they end up together and they marry. That’s when the mule appears again. When married to Starks, she is still subjected to same abuse as she did with Killicks. But, instead of treating her as someone who does work, he treats her as a trophy. In the anterior poach, she sees men demeaning an old mule. Agitated, she exclaims, â€Å"They oughta be shamed uh theyselves! Teasin’ dat poor brute beast lak they is! Done been worked tuh death; done had his disposition, ruint wid mistreatment, and not they got tuh finish devilin’ ‘im tuh death. Wisht I had mah wid ‘em all! † Clearly she is bothered by the men demeaning the old mule. This is a cause of her understanding that she has been a sort of a mule. It symbolizes her relationship with Logan and how she was treated. This agitation in Janie causes Joe to buy the mule. But instead of symbolizing something positive, it symbolized Joe’s ownership over Janie. Now, Janie is just a trophy, just like the mule, which is used to show his authoritative status additionally symbolizing the mistreatment of Janie. These two metaphors have contrasting notions in that the pear tree represents the dream that Janie wants to achieve and the mule represents opposing force which holds Janie back from achieving that dream. But, these two metaphors work together to help Janie’s character develop into a self-aware character that achieves self-knowledge and self-fulfillment. Her experiences with the pear tree help shape her ideals with marriage and ideals with fulfillment, building a more self-aware character in what she desires. She doesn’t find that perfect fulfilling marriage with Logan nor Joe as a cause of an oppressing force. This oppressing force is represented by the mule. The mule symbolizes her Nanny’s ideals and what her Nanny wanted her to live by. Her Nanny grew up in a world where she was oppressed and forced to do what the men wanted. Therefore she didn’t know any better and thought that that was the best life for Janie. When Janie hears what her Nanny wants, she comes into an even bigger self-realization that she must find that fulfilling feeling she had under the pear tree. This self-realization is emphasized even more greatly with the mule symbol in her first two marriages. She didn’t want to be treated as a worker, nor as a trophy. She wanted to be happy and have freedom. Using the ideals of her Nanny and her first two marriages as symbolized by the mule and the ideals she found as symbolized by the pear tree, Janie creates her own ideals in which she rejects her Nanny’s idea of what she needs and searches for what she most desires. In the end Janie becomes the self-aware, confident, and well-balanced individual shaped by her journey that finds what she most wanted: True absolute love.